The Ladies of the Baroque | Part 3

Elisabetta Sirani

Italian painter, 1638-1665

Elisabetta Sirani was an Italian Baroque painter and printmaker who died in still unexplained circumstances at the early age of 27.

She was the most famous woman artist in early modern Bologna and established an academy for other women artists.

Sirani produced over 200 paintings, 15 etchings, and hundreds of drawings, making her an extremely prolific artist, especially considering her early death.

Domenico Fetti | Baroque painter

Biography from: National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Domenico Fetti (1589-1623) was born in 1589, almost certainly in Rome, and is known to have been educated at the Collegio Romano.

He probably received his initial artistic training from his father, Pietro Fetti, a painter, perhaps from Ferrara, about whom very little is known.

Contemporary sources refer to Domenico Fetti as a student of Ludovico Cardi, called Il Cigoli (1559-1613).

Domenico could have entered Cigoli's shop as early as 1604, the year in which the Florentine painter came to Rome.

The Ladies of the Baroque | Part 2

Ginevra Cantofoli

Italian painter, 1618-1672

Ginevra Cantofoli trained under Giovanni Andrea Sirani, the father of Elisabetta Sirani, in Bologna.

Although a generation older than Elisabetta Sirani, Cantofoli was described by Carlo Cesare Malvasia, Cesare Masini and Marcello Oretti as Elisabetta's student.

Ginevra Cantofoli | Woman in a Turban, 1650 | Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica di Palazzo Barberini, Roma.

Orsola Caccia (1596-1676) | Mannerist painter

Orsola Maddalena Caccia, born Theodora Caccia (1596-1676) was an Italian Mannerist painter and Catholic nun.

She painted religious images, altarpieces, and still lifes.

The daughter of painter Guglielmo Caccia and Laura Olivia, she was baptized Theodora Orsola on December 4, 1596.

In 1620, she entered the Ursulines convent at Bianzè, where she changed her name to Orsola Maddalena after she took her vows.

Mary Beale | Baroque painter

Mary Beale (née Cradock; bapt. 26 March 1633 – bur. 8 October 1699) was an English portrait painter.

She was part of a small band of female professional artists working in London.

Beale became the main financial provider for her family through her professional work - a career she maintained from 1670/71 to the 1690s.

Beale was also a writer, whose prose Discourse on Friendship of 1666 presents scholarly, uniquely female take on the subject.

Cornelis de Heem | Baroque painter

Cornelis de Heem (8 April 1631 (baptized) - 17 May 1695 (buried) was a still-life painter associated with both Flemish Baroque and Dutch Golden Age painting.

He was a member of a large family of still-life specialists, of which his father, Jan Davidszoon de Heem (1606–1684), was the most significant.

Cornelis was baptised in Leiden on 8 April 1631, and moved with his family to Antwerp in 1636.

Rachel Ruysch | Baroque painter

Rachel Ruysch (1664-1750), who has been called the "most celebrated Dutch woman artist of the 17th and 18th centuries", was successful for nearly 70 years as a specialist in flower paintings.

Born in The Hague, Ruysch moved to Amsterdam with her family when she was three.

Her maternal grandfather, Pieter Post, was an important architect and her father, Frederik Ruysch, an eminent scientist from whom she learned how to observe and record nature with great accuracy.

Matthias Stom | Baroque painter

Matthias Stom or Matthias Stomer (1600-1652) was a Dutch, or possibly Flemish, painter who is only known for the works he produced during his residence in Italy.

He was influenced by the work of non-Italian followers of Caravaggio in Italy, in particular his Dutch followers often referred to as the Utrecht Caravaggists, as well as by Jusepe de Ribera and Peter Paul Rubens.

The Ladies of the Baroque | Part 1

As in the Renaissance Period, many women among the Baroque artists came from artist families. Artemisia Gentileschi is an example of this.

She was trained by her father, Orazio Gentileschi, and she worked alongside him on many of his commissions.

Luisa Roldán was trained in her father's (Pedro Roldán) sculpture workshop.

Artemisia Gentileschi | Judith and her maid with the head of Holofernes, 1613 | Gallerie degli Uffizi, Firenze.

Michaelina Wautier | Baroque painter

Michaelina Wautier, also Woutiers (1604-1689), was a painter from the Southern Netherlands.

Only since the turn of the 21st century has her work been recognized as that of an outstanding female Baroque artist, her works having been previously attributed to male artists, especially her brother Charles.

Wautier was noted for the variety of subjects and genres that she worked in.

This was unusual for female artists of the time who were more often restricted to smaller paintings, generally portraits or still-lifes.

Maria Sibylla Merian | Baroque Era Illustrator

Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717) was a German naturalist and scientific illustrator.

She was one of the earliest European naturalists to observe insects directly. Merian was a descendant of the Frankfurt branch of the Swiss Merian family.

Merian received her artistic training from her stepfather, Jacob Marrel, a student of the still life painter Georg Flegel.

Merian published her first book of natural illustrations in 1675.

Jan Brueghel the Elder | Baroque painter

Biography from: The National Gallery, London

Jan Brueghel the Elder was born in Brussels in 1568, the son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder.

He is said to have been taught in Antwerp by Pieter Goetkint and to have visited Cologne.

From 1589-1596 he worked in Italy, mainly in Naples, Rome, and Milan where he met one of his most important patrons, Cardinal Federico Borromeo, who remained a lifelong friend.

Jacob Vrel | Dutch Golden Age painter

Jacob Vrel (1630–1680) was a Dutch, Flemish, or Westphalian painter of interiors and urban street scenes during the Dutch Golden Age (1588-1672). He was active from 1654-1662.

Jacob Vrel is also referred to as Jan instead of Jacob(us); alternative spellings of his surname are Frel, Frelle, Vreele, Vrelle and Vriel.

Though Vrel's birthplace is unknown, scholars consider him a Dutch artist.

He is considered to have worked in Delft and Haarlem.

John Donne | Il sogno / The Dream

Per nessun altro, amore, avrei spezzato

questo beato sogno.

Buon tema per la ragione,

troppo forte per la fantasia.

Sei stata saggia a svegliarmi. E tuttavia

tu non spezzi il mio sogno, lo prolunghi.

Tu così vera che pensarti basta

per fare veri i sogni e storia le favole.

Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1805-73) | Contemplation | Royal Collection

Sir Peter Lely | Baroque painter

Sir Peter Lely (1618 -1680) was a painter of Dutch origin whose career was nearly all spent in England, where he became the dominant portrait painter to the court.

Lely was born Pieter van der Faes to Dutch parents in Soest in Westphalia, where his father was an officer serving in the armed forces of the Elector of Brandenburg.

Lely studied painting in Haarlem, where he may have been apprenticed to Pieter de Grebber.

He became a master of the Guild of Saint Luke in Haarlem in 1637.

Orazio Borgianni | Baroque painter

Orazio Borgianni (6 April 1574 - 14 January 1616) was an Italian painter and etcher of the Mannerist and early-Baroque periods. He was the stepbrother of the sculptor and architect Giulio Lasso.

Borgianni was born in Rome, where he was documented in February 1604. He was instructed in the art of painting by his brother, Giulio Borgianni, called Scalzo.

The patronage by Philip II of Spain induced him to visit Spain, where he signed an inventory in January 1605.

He returned to Rome from Spain after April 1605 at the height of his career, and most of the work of his maturity was carried out 1605–16.

Cesare Dandini | Baroque painter

Cesare Dandini (1 October 1596 - 7 February 1657) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in his native city of Florence.

He was the older brother of the painter Vincenzo Dandini (1609-1675).

His nephew, Pietro was a pupil of Vincenzo, and Pietro's two sons, Ottaviano Dandini and the Jesuit priest Vincenzo also worked as painters in Florence.

According to the biographer Baldinucci, Cesare first worked under Francesco Curradi, then Cristofano Allori, and finally Domenico Passignano.

El Greco | Tecnica e stile

Uno dei principi fondamentali dello stile di El Greco è il primato dell'immaginazione e dell'intuizione sulla rappresentazione soggettiva della creazione.

El Greco rifiutò i principi classicisti come misura e proporzione. Credeva che la grazia fosse l'obiettivo principale dell'arte, ma il pittore ha raggiunto la grazia solo se riesce a risolvere le problematiche più complesse con facilità e disinvoltura.

El Greco pensava che il colore fosse l'elemento più importante e allo stesso tempo meno governabile di un dipinto, e dichiarò che il colore aveva la supremazia rispetto all'immagine.

Francisco Pacheco del Río, un pittore che fece visita ad El Greco nel 1611, scrisse che all'artista piacevano «grandi macchie di colori puri e non mescolati, come fossero immodesti segni della sua abilità».

Eustache Le Sueur | Baroque painter

Eustache Le Sueur or Lesueur (19 November 1617 – 30 April 1655) was a French artist and one of the founders of the French Academy of Painting. He is known primarily for his paintings of religious subjects. He was a leading exponent of the neoclassical style of Parisian Atticism.

Training and career

He was born in Paris, where he spent his entire life. His father, Cathelin Le Sueur, a turner and sculptor in wood, placed him with Vouet, in whose studio he rapidly distinguished himself.

Admitted at an early age into the guild of master-painters, he left them to take part in establishing the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in 1648 and was elected as one of the original twelve elders in charge of its administration.

El Greco | Vita ed Opere

El Greco, nome d'arte di Dominikos Theotokòpoulos (Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος) - (Candia, 1541 - Toledo, 7 aprile 1614), è stato un pittore, scultore ed architetto greco vissuto in Italia ed in Spagna. È tra le figure più importanti del Rinascimento Spagnolo.

Nacque a Creta, che all'epoca faceva parte della Repubblica di Venezia ed era il centro di un importante movimento pittorico post-bizantino, chiamato Scuola Cretese.

Dopo l'apprendistato diventò maestro d'arte seguendo il corso di quella tradizione artistica, prima di intraprendere, all'età di 26 anni, il viaggio verso Venezia, usuale meta di apprendistato e crescita artistica tra i pittori greci dell'epoca.

Infatti nel 1567 si trasferì nella Serenissima, lasciando Creta e la propria moglie, probabilmente per trovare nuovi sbocchi di mercato e per confrontarsi direttamente con le famose botteghe di Tiziano, Bassano, Tintoretto e Veronese. Nel 1570 si recò anche a Roma dove aprì una bottega e dipinse una serie di opere.